Table of Contents

1 Introduction.- 1.1 On Complexity of Spatial Decision Making.- 1.2 Basic Notions of Spatial Decision Support Systems.- 1.3 A General Architecture for Intelligent Spatial Decision Support Systems.- 1.4 Purpose and Structure of the Monograph.- 2 Symbolic Approaches to Spatial Knowledge Representation and Inference.- 2.1 A Note on Knowledge Representation and Inference.- 2.2 Propositional and Predicate Logic.- 2.3 Production Systems.- 2.4 Semantic Networks.- 2.5 Frames.- 2.6 Object-Oriented Approach.- 2.7 A Note on Hybrid Representations.- 3 Fuzzy Logic Approaches to Spatial Knowledge Representation and Inference.- 3.1 A Note on Fuzzy Logic.- 3.2 Fuzzy Propositions.- 3.3 Fuzzy IF-THEN Propositions and their Translations.- 3.4 Fuzzy Inference.- 3.5 Linguistic Approximation in Fuzzy Inference.- 3.6 Fuzzy Rule-Based Inference Requiring Precise Output.- 4 Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge Representation and Inference.- 4.1 On Measures of Confidence.- 4.2 Probabilistic Approaches.- 4.3 Certainty Factor.- 4.4 Shafer-Dempster’s Belief Functions.- 4.5 Possibility-Necessity Approach.- 4.6 A Note on the Theory of Inclusion.- 5 Neural Network Approaches to Spatial Knowledge Representation and Inference.- 5.1 A Remark on Symbolic and Neural Network Approaches to Knowledge Representation and Inference.- 5.2 A Brief Review of Neural Networks Research.- 5.3 Spatial Knowledge Representation and Inference by Feedforward Neural Networks.- 5.4 Spatial Knowledge Representation and Inference by Recurrent Neural Networks.- 5.5 A Note on Hybrid Spatial Decision Support Systems.- 6 Knowledge Acquisition for Spatial Inference — The Case of Genetic Algorithms.- 6.1 The Necessity of Automatic Knowledge Acquisition.- 6.2 A Brief Note on Genetic Algorithms.- 6.3 A Formalism of CanonicalGenetic Algorithms.- 6.4 Rule Learning Using Genetic Algorithms.- 6.5 Evolving Neural Networks Using Genetic Algorithms.- 6.6 A Remark on Genetic Algorithms.- 7 Spatial Data Models and Data Structures.- 7.1 A Note on Data Models and Data Structures.- 7.2 Spatial Data Models and Data Structures within the Layer-Viewed Framework.- 7.3 Relational Database for Precise Data.- 7.4 Fuzzy Relational Model and Database.- 7.5 Issues of Spatial Database Accuracy.- 7.6 Spatial Data Models and Data Structures within the Object-Viewed Framework.- 8 Management of Models in Spatial Decision Support Systems.- 8.1 The Necessity of a Systematic Management of Models in Spatial Decision Support Systems.- 8.2 Model Classification and Organization.- 8.3 Model-Data Linkage — Spatial Network Analysis as a Case Study.- 9 An Expert System Shell for Building Spatial-Decision- Support-System Development Tool.- 9.1 On the Architecture of a Spatial-Decision-Support-System Development Tool.- 9.2 The Fuzzy-Logic-Based Expert System Shell (FLESS) — The Nerve Center of the Spatial-Decision-Support-System Development Tool.- 9.3 Equipping FLESS with Automatic Knowledge-Acquisition Capabilities.- 9.4 Application of FLESS in Building Expert Systems for Spatial Classification Problems.- 10 A Spatial Decision Support System for Flood Simulation and Damage Assessment Using FLESS.- 10.1 History of Flooding in Sun Hugou Watershed.- 10.2 Overall Design of the Flood Simulation and Damage Assessment Process.- 10.3 The Flood Simulation and Damage Assessment Decision Support System.- 11 An Object-Oriented Expert System Shell for Building Spatial Decision Support Systems.- 11.1 A Note on Object-Oriented Approach to Integrative Spatial Decision Support Systems.- 11.2 The Architecture of an Object-Oriented ExpertSystem Shell for Spatial Inference.- 11.3 An Expert System for Solving Hierarchical Programming Problems.- 11.4 A Pedagogic Example.- 12 Conclusion.- 12.1 Summary.- 12.2 Outlook and Research Directions.- References.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.

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